The Changing Place of Slaves and Slavery in the American...

The Changing Place of Slaves and Slavery in the American Nation Tomeka T. DeBruce HIS 203: American History to 1865 Prof. Corinne Barker October 15, 2012 The Changing Place of Slaves and Slavery in the American Nation In the beginning as early as 1502 the European slave traders shipped 11 to 16 million slaves to America. The English colonists had indentured servants instead of slaves. Indentured servants were servants that had a contract and only worked for a certain period of time. African American slaves were used when the English men were running out of indentured servants. The first African American slave was in 1619. They also had Irish, Scottish, English and German indentured servants. Over half the indentured slaves in the†¦show more content†¦And it shows no clear connection between social identity and votes for the Republicans or Democrats in the Northern County. By 1662, the partus sequitur ventrem principle was adopted by the southern colonies. It openly discriminated the slaves by confining them into a certain category of population. Their children were supposed to inherit the status of their mothers regardless of whom the father was. In other words, they would still be non citizens. This was prompted by the enactment of several legislations like the 1712 Slave Codes which was later adopted by nearly all the colonial states. Together with many amendments and court rulings, this migrant group was stripped of American citizenship alongside other privileges exclusively reserved for the whites. It clearly stipulated that no slave shall enjoy freedom of movement, association, sell or buy a property, be taught how to read and write, employed, demand for payment, plant corns, domesticate pets or possess any goods or weapons. If so, and caught, they would be punished by whipping, nose slitting, branding, chopping off the ear, castration or killing (Stockwell, 2012). The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued to the agencies of the United States by President Lincoln during the civil war that proclaimed that all slaves in the Confederate territories be forever free. The Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from theShow MoreRelatedLincoln, Race, And The Spirit Of The 761247 Words   |  5 PagesLincoln the greatest American president would be surprised to discover that he endorsed black colonizations, did not promote civil and political equality for blacks in the free state of Illinois† (3). By having Lucas E. Morel expressing that, â€Å"endorsed black colonizations† and â€Å"not promote civil and political equality† shows two ways of how Lincoln was great, but at the same time was not. If Lincoln allowed black colonizations he would demonstrate equality for them, since the freed slaves are still notRead MoreAmerican Slavery Essay983 Words   |  4 P agesSlavery, especially in America, has been an age old topic of riveting discussions. Specialist and other researchers have been digging around for countless years looking for answers to the many questions that such an activity provided. They have looked into the economics of slavery, slave demography, slave culture, slave treatment, and slave-owner ideology (p. ix). Despite slavery being a global issue, the main focus is always on American slavery. Peter Kolchin effectively illustrates in his bookRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1728 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals†. Slavery was a struggle that America had to overcome in the 1800s in order for America to progress. At the time, slaves were also going through hard times by getting separated from their families and going through excessive hard work on the plantations. Even though it was a struggle for the north, and the slaves, but not for the south since it was a benefit for them. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was put in to the Presidential office and would have a major impact on our nation by affectingRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States935 Words   |  4 Pagesinstitution he knew that to oppose the issue could tear the nation completely apart. In 1820, during James Monroe’s Presidency the Missouri Compromise was approved. The Missouri Compromise essentially regulated the balance for the admittance of Slave and Free States into the Union. In Thomas Fleming’s A Disease in the Public Mind the author, states that with the Compromise’s passing that Jefferson declared that it signaled the end of the Union of the nation as they had once known it. With this idea in mindRead MoreSlavery During The American Revolution Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery was held out until 1865, but during this time period abolitionist are trying to do anything to stop slavery. The reason being is because slavery wasn’t slavery anymore. Slavery was beginning to become more advance due t o technological innovation. The Abolitionist are people that were against slavery and would boycott anything to get rid of slavery. The argument that the Abolitionist had during this time period was its conditions as violating Christian’s principals and rights to equalityRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War1516 Words   |  7 PagesStates experienced one of its troubled moments in History. The nation was suffering from cilvil disorder, moral values, political struggles amongst a dividing nation. The â€Å"slave† states ( The South ) created the Confederation States of America, thus separating from the Northern States. Both sides were growing in opposites directions, economically and different social views. Of the industrialization and the evolving workforce, slavery and its cruel practices were the biggest concern of both partiesRead MoreThe Civil War Was A Long Term Issue1622 Words   |  7 Pagesa momentous time in American history. America was a country d ivided with two regions waging war on each other. The north and the south were split apart into the Union and the Confederacy. South Carolina was the first to secede from the Union and was followed by ten more states. The complexity as to why eleven states seceded from the Union has been a question that historians have explored for years. Explanations such as political and economic issues have been uncovered. Slavery has also been an explanationRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century1511 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery, an issue never addressed in the 19th century, but needed to be. It was a huge, controversial subject in the past, affecting the blacks, as well as the people of the North and South due to their strong beliefs and differences in opinion. Southerners treated slaves poorly because they believed they were better than African Americans. Though, we are all equal, the majority of people did not see the world that way back then. Slavery was unfair and had a horrible effect on the slaves. AlthoughRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Antebellum Period1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe Antebellum period, meaning â€Å"pre-war† in Latin, is defined in American History as the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812. It was marked by the rise of abolition and the steady polarization of the nation between the viewpoints of pro and anti-slavery and the people behind them. The two sides bitterly argued for their cause. Advocates of slavery included religion, economics, morals, politics, and even the Constitution to further their arguments; likewise, abolitionists used similarRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The North And The South During Antebellum1120 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant changes took place in terms of political, social and economic effects in America. The United States economy was changed from an underdeveloped country of frontiersmen and farmers into an industrialized economy. The South American depended on agriculture while t he Northern part had many industries. The two parts differed in terms of slavery policies in the country as the south advocated for preservation of slaves while the North championed abolition of slavery policies. In addition, during

The Importance of Term Papers on Business

The Importance of Term Papers on Business Keywords play a significant part in a research manuscript. Writing is a present that comes naturally. Now you can purchase genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. Once you receive a work done from us you will return again if you need assistance with another one of your essays. The internet writing companies provide supportive writing services like editing, proofreading, and actual writing. As a consequence, such students start looking for the best essay help to make sure that their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in accord with all academic standards. If you can discover the official site of a trustworthy manufacturer, it is easy to find relevant details about the compactors and other products they sell and order online too. When you franchise a company, you get the rights to market and market another provider's products. In some markets, it's crucial for organizations to internationalize to stay informed about their competitors' prices. Tapping in the Power Papers all-English team, the busin ess offers clients professional services at inexpensive rates. Term Papers on Business - What Is It? The sort of essay you're looking for will be offered to you within the deadline provided to you. Thus, a firm which will compose my term paper ought to be fast enough to be certain I will satisfy the deadline. My theory is the fact that it's never truly superior to use voting. Therefore, for your convenience, you have a superb chance to monitor the advancement of the assigned writer and make sure an essay will be ready in a timely method. It's always simpler to write in the format that you're comfortable with. Think about different formats or kinds of papers there are, and the various types that you've written. Cite any resource material employed in finishing the paper. Use the company context to its fullest extent if you aren't writing about global corporation. Really it's about exposing the industry approach. By keeping up with the recent trends and understanding the challenges that you will need to face, having the ability to keep the company afloat and then becoming profitable is going to be a distinct possibility. There continue to be many business that most frequently happen in the building market. Starting a new company is risky, but franchising lets you build on the success of a present company. Imagine you have decided to produce your own small business venture. If you opt to franchise a present business model, that's a way to be a business owner too. A franchise owner also doesn't need to devote as much time to set up the new business enterprise. The very first and most significant thing you can do in order to receive your academic (and general) life together is to find, get, and remain committed to a planning system which works for you. Just like you would like to earn a very good first impression on a date, you would like to earn a decent first impression with the material. At the close of the day, the men get the byline (and, obviously, the public's acknowledgment) even in case the women did the majority of the reporting. The larger The demand for a scenario, the greater its rank. Determine whether the business is going to be a service or merchandising company. Nonetheless, the internationalization procedure is very complicated and varies depending on the kind of company and location. The organization is now accepting orders. Buying a business which is already operating is the third approach to develop into a business proprietor.

A Study of Market Segmentation for Uk Frozen Food Industry free essay sample

A Study Of Market Segmentation For UK Frozen Food Industry Abstract The objectives of this study are to perform market segmentation for a SME in the frozen food sector. The study could form a basis of segmentation framework for a SME like Eden Farm, the framework once developed from academic literature would help to undertake a market segmentation in the frozen food industry with relevant segmentation criteria which would form a basis of targeting strategy for the company. In this Dissertation, the literature on Market Segmentation is reviewed and relevant criteria for segmentation in an industry are understood. The typology from the literature identifying the variables for segmentation and relevant strategic tools for analysis of the sector is used to develop a framework for segmentation in the industry. The framework is applied to carry out a detailed segmentation of the markets for frozen food, an analysis is carried out to understand the target markets and strategic tools used to identify the target markets. Along with the segmentation of the markets, an analysis of the results is carried out and recommendations are provided for strategic growth of the company. Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 3 Introduction 3 Definition of the Companys Issue 3 Aims and Objectives of the Project: 3 Literature Review: 3 Review of Academic Literature for Segmentation: 3 Market Segmentation: 3 Definition of Market Segmentation: 3 Segmentation Logic: 3 The Segmenting-Targeting Framework: Segmentation Variables: 3 Segmentation Criteria: 3 Academic literature: 3 Literature Review on segmentation in the food industry: 3 Portfolio Analysis:3 Final Framework for addressing the Research Question: 3 Research Methodology 3 Research Objectives 3 Research Strategy: 3 Ethical Issues in Data collection 3 Data Collection Methods 3 Research Procedure 3 Validity of strategic tools 3 Project Report 3 Company Overview 3 Review of the issue in a business context 3 Methodology for Research 3 Data Analysis 3 Frozen Food Market Analysis 3 Analysis on Convenience Market 3 Analysis on Cash and Carry 3 Significance for Eden Farm3 Analysis on Symbol Groups 3 Symbol Groups to be targeted 3 Analysis on Forecourts 3 Contract Catering3 Exports 3 Target Customers for Eden Farm 3 Market Attractiveness Criteria for the company: 3 Business Competitiveness:3 Strategic Analysis for segment targeting: 3 DPM Matrix: 3 Recommendations: 3 Implementation Issues: 3 Critical Reflection and Conclusion: 3 Review of Work Process: 3 Reflection and critical analysis of the process: 3 Limitations of the process: 3 Conclusion and discussion of results in an Academic context: 3 Bibliography 3 List of Tables Page Table 1 Detailed Breakdown of Frozen Food Products Table 2 Recommended Customers for EF49 Table 3. a Market Attractiveness for Segments49 Table 3. b Market Attractiveness for Segments 50 Table 4 37 Business Competitiveness Scores for Various Segments 50 List of Figures Figure 2 Figure3 Figure4 Figure5 Figure6 Figure7 Figure8 Figure9 Frozen food market share by manufacturers 36 Frozen food market share by products 36 Comparison of market shares of products37 Market trends for desserts38 Convenience store sales 40 Convenience store market share 40 Sales of Eden Farm by Market Segment Sales Trends in catering 47 41 FigurelODPM MatriX49 Introduction The project report considers customer segmentation for the frozen food industry and evaluates the opportunities for targeted growth in the sector for Eden Farm, a I-JK based distributor of frozen food. The retail food industry is dynamic in nature and is very competitive for the distributors. However, growth opportunities exist in the sector when a thorough analysis is carried out and the targeted segments are evaluated. Hence, the study identifies growth strategies in the sector by using segmentation framework and relevant analysis. Definition of the Companys Issue Eden Farm is a distributor of frozen food and ice cream across I-JK with a strong base in the North East and Yorkshire. The companys prospect market is wholesale, cash and carry, symbol groups, CTNs, forecourts, independent supermarkets. At the moment, the company is trying to increase its market presence in various sub sectors of the market. The frozen food retail is represented by many sub sectors and is composed of many market players. The business on the whole is variable across ectors and the levels of risk and opportunities for each sub sector and product is variable in nature. The retail food industry is highly dynamic in nature and over the years, competition has increased and customer turnover has increased thereby reducing profit margins. The key to success in the sector is to understand the market structure well and selectively target the growth opportunities for profit by understanding the key criteria for growth and developing a framework for segmentation based on the companys strengths. The company has to evaluate the market segmentation process and understand the customer needs to form a strategy riven approach for profitable growth. There exist barriers for segmentation as firms lack an understanding of relevant literature for segmentation, the understanding of segmentation criteria, insufficient data and lack of understanding of criteria guided segmentation as a strategic tool. The same issues exists with the organisation, hence the project aims at bridging the gap between the real industry and academic framework for execution of segmentation. Knowledge of competitors and market is not sufficient to form basis of strategy. The company needs precise criteria and parameters for segmentation to arrive at a trategy. Apparently, the company has an issue about creating a framework that helps selective targeting customers and which incorporates key parameters like risk firms overall issues, the report aims to conduct in depth analysis and research into the frozen food market in the UK and perform criteria guided segmentation for the market which could be used as a basis of recommendation for the company. The centre of the research would be a focus on markets, growth opportunities, and financial criteria for the segmentation implementation, new market opportunities and thorough review of relevant literature. Aims and Objectives of the Project: Based on the discussions about the companys issues, the overall aim of the project is to analyse the I-JK Frozen food market by undertaking customer segmentation of the market covering Wholesale, Cash Carry, Symbol groups, Forecourts, CTN, Independent supermarkets to understand the structure of the market and to explore growth strategies within the frozen food market. The objectives of the business project can be subdivided as follows: . Understand market segmentation approach and relevant academic literature to adequately select criteria for segmentation, the elevant framework adopted by academia and its relevance in the industry, analyse the barriers for implementation of the framework and possible ways to overcome the barriers. . Get an overall understanding of the I-JK frozen food market, its growth, market structure.. To understand the various products within the frozen food segment and analyse the growth trends in various products.. Undertake customer segmentation for wholesale, Cash Carry, Symbol Groups, CTN, Independent supermarkets.. Select criteria for segmentation of the companies and the market to filter the target for growth opportunities.. Create a list of targets segments and products for the company based on analysis.. Identify companys current position, its strengths and weakness within different segments and provide guidance for business growth.. Give recommendations with a prioritized list of targets and strategies for growth. The business project is organized into three main sections. In the first section, we undertake literature review on market segmentation and the relevant criteria for segmentation, understanding this, we try to propose a framework for implementation of segmentation for the frozen food industry. In viewing the literature, we generate a esearch question and recommend a suitable methodology for the research. This is followed by a section wherein we understand the market, carry out segmentation based on various criteria, undertake analysis on the prospective growth opportunities, analyse the companys strategic objectives, market gaps, and current market position to arrive at a set of recommendations for the company. The final section draws conclusion for the dissertation and critically reflects the analysis and findings. A critical discussion covering the entire research, the possible barriers to research and future developments is done in the section. The Academic literature for the research could be segregated into four main categories, the literature is divided into four main parts for purpose of relevance and clarity on the literature review and have a greater understanding on the segmentation process and its relevance to the industry. The literature could be categorised as follows: 1 . Articles defining segmentation and explaining the logic of segmentation and the importance to the industry. 2. Articles that review the segmentation- targeting framework, understand various segmentation variables and help in understanding the segmentation parameters to understand any industry. Articles that review the segmentation criteria to help and understand the targeting criteria for the industry and understand various segmentation attractiveness criteria for the industry. 4. Articles that review strategic tools for portfolio analysis to have a basis for effective targeting strategy. Market Segmentation: The first set of literature review c onsists of articles covering the definition of market segmentation, the benefits of market segmentation to the industry and the logic or rationale behind conducting market segmentation. Main research and literature review related to this section is conducted by Green et. l (1988); Jobber (1998); Dibb (1998); Ferrell et. al, (2002); Brassington and Pettitt (2000);McDonald and Dunbar (2004); Lancaster and Reynolds (2005); Kotler and Keller (2006). Definition of Market Segmentation: The identification of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics that have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy Cobber, 1998,p. 171). Segmentation involves consideration of consumer preferences and buying behaviour which needs to be analysed strategically and cannot be served by mass selling and branding approach Segmentation is an important and strategic tool or an organisation in identifying potential market gaps and helps to direct strategies at selected market segments (Dibb,1998). McDonalds defines market segmentation as Market segmentation is the process of splitting customers, or potential customers, in a market into different groups or segments (McDonald and Dunbar, 2004, pp. 34). A similar definition is given by Green et. l (1988) which says that Market segmentation is the act of dividing a market into distinct group of buyers who might require separate products and/or marketing programs directed towards them (Green et. al, 1988, pp. 672). Another definition by Lancaster and Reynolds (2005) defines market segmentation as The process of breaking down the total market for a product or service into distinct s ub-groups or segments, where each segment may conceivably represent a distinct target market to be targeted with a distinctive marketing mix (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005, pp. 4). Most of the definitions of segmentation converge into similar concept of breaking down a market as per various parameters and segments to achieve a target strategy for the market. However, looking into the definition of segmentation, we now look into the rationale ehind conducting market segmentation as given by academics and practitioners, literature and sources. Segmentation Logic: Given the complexities of the current businesses, targeting the entire market at once without segmentation would involve loads of risks and higher costs. Markets are not uniform across the businesses; effective segmentation would mean lower operation costs and higher market coverage (Ferrell et. al, 2002). A similar view is echoed by Brassington and Pettitt (2000) wherein the authors use the concept of an orange to explain the logic of segmentation. The orange as an analogy to explain segmentation xplains that an orange when peeled is very convenient to eat rather than having a whole orange without peeling. In a strategic sense, the authors essentially mean that segmentation of market would enhance profitability, growth thereby reducing risks and efforts (Brassington and Pettitt, 2000). Jobber (1998) further strengthens the logical argument by saying that The objective is to identify groups of customers with similar requirements so that they can be served effectively while being of a sufficient size for the product or service to be supplied effectively Cobber, 1998, pp. 71). Market segmentation is a business sensible method of serving customers as per the group and the set criteria laid for segmentation. Kotler and Keller further strengthen the segmentation logic by describing segmentation approach as a Rifle approach wherein efforts are focussed and aimed at a particular segment of customers for higher efficient and success. (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Lancaster and Reynolds (2005) give similar views on segmentation logic, the authors correlate segmentation with improved competitiveness in the complex markets and point that segmentation pproach comes out from increased competition in the markets, varied demand patterns, and complex operations of organisations. Detailed Segmentation of target markets would strengthen the targeting strategies (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005). A step further, McDonald and Dunbar (2005) in their extensive work on market segmentation link segmentation process to corporate function. The success of an organisation is strongly linked to proper market definition, market segmentation and selective targeting of customers. Segmentation of markets would lead to definite identification of customers which are central to an organisations success. McDonalds ork and ideas on segmentation strongly identify with the ideas of other prominent marketers and academics, all the definition and ideas point to perhaps common understanding of the logic of segmentation, the summary of the benefits of segmentation to an organisation is as follows: 1 . Segmentation enables targeted marketing, thereby the gaps in the market are analysed and opportunities for growth are understood. Hence, the market with the highest potential is identified which would help the company to focus on marketing efforts (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005). 2. Segmentation aids Niche marketing strategy wherein the organization can chieve segment domination and market control over a definite market. Segmentation enables an organization to gain competitive advantage by enabling it to understand the market in a better way and focus on segments wherein the strength of the organization is greater (McDonald and Dunbar, 2005). . Segmentation of market makes the organization more cost effective, focused, and The process of market segmentation and targeting involves a thorough understanding of consumer characteristics with respect to consumption pattern, demographics, geography, socio economic variables and other variables. Once, the haracteristics are understood, customers are clustered into segments based on similar characteristics. The target market is then Judged based on various segment attrac tiveness criteria Cobber, 1998). The segmentation process has been described by various academics and practioners as a three step process, wherein the steps are essentially segmenting-targeting-positioning (STP) (Dibb, 1999; Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005; Kotler and Keller ,2006; Patrick De Pelsmacker et al, 2007;). In reviewing the literature on segmentation and targeting, we arrive at the following logical sequence of segmentation: 1 . Segmenting: The stage of identification of relevant segments using segmentation variables and clustering the variables into relevant segments. . Targeting: The stage involves appraising market segments based on factors like growth rate, future growth, extent of competition, overall market size, customer preferences, etc. The targeting should be based on segmentation criteria available in the literature. Segmentation Variables: Segmentation variables are able to split the market into smaller sub sections wherein common characteristics of the sub groups are taken into account (Dibb et al, 1997). There are a number of segmentation variables suggested by various academics and practitioners; a detailed review of the variables is given in this section. The section consists of articles contributed by Lancaster and Reynolds, (2005), Dibb et al, (1997), Randall, (1993), Kotler and Keller, (2006), Jobber, (1998), Richard Wilson et al, (1996), Mitchell S (1995), Patrick De Pelsmacker et al, (2007). Demographic Segmentation: The segmentation includes a variety of bases like age, sex, family life cycle, occupation, education (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005). An interesting aspect of family life cycle egmentation is the idea of consumer life cycle and phases wherein purchase patterns are considered before segmentation, thereby giving varied details of product consumption and buyer habits (Dibb et al, 1994). The demographic segmentation can be much more complicated by the addition of variables like family size, social class, education and thereby linking all the variables together to identify market patterns (Randell, 1993). Demographic segmentation is efficient and gives insights into the market and is highly preferred means of segmentation (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Similar views are given by Lancaster and Reynolds (2005). Geographic Segmentation: This form of segmentation acknowledges geographic location variations in consumption patterns Cobber, 1998). Geographic segmentation could be achieved by regional breakdown of patterns which could incorporate factors like urban locations, climatic conditions, country wide distribution. Mintel has done several segmentation based on geographic variables like location, in the frozen food segment, Mintel has performed geographic segmentation of various distributors, consumption patterns. Socio Economic Segmentation: Segmentation has also been (Richard Wilson et al, 1996). Geo demographic Segmentation: This approach has been idely used by academics as well as industries. Various geographical and demographic variables are combined to reach at the segmentation stage. Geo demographic segmentation has been acknowledged and proposed by academics in their literature. Some of the references to geo demographic segmentation is in the literature proposed by Jobber (1998), Kotler and Keller (2006), Dibb et al (1994). Mitchell S (1995) describes the process of segmentation as a clustering approach wherein clusters of people and markets are segmented together as to incorporate common variables like product preferences, background, location, etc. Behavioural Segmentation: The behavioural segmentation approach incorporates variables like usage rate, user status, benefits expected, occasional buying, customer loyalty. The segmentation approach takes into account the consumer behaviour and preferences, perception towards a brand. Hence analysis of the buying behaviour would be able to segment the market as per consumer choices and preferences (Patrick De Pelsmacker et al, 2007). Similar views are expressed by Kotler and Keller (2006), Cannon (1992) wherein the authors propose the segmentation approach for a varied range of markets and segments. Segmentation Criteria: In the academic context, there has to be definite criteria for segment to be attractive. The overall attractiveness criteria for a segment to be attractive are Measurability, substantiable, accessibility, differentiable, actionable (Kotler and Keller, 2006). The size and characteristics of a segment form the basis of measurement criteria for the segment. In addition, for segments to be useful, the segments should be substantial enough to be profitable and logical to serve. The criteria should be a basis of action for the segmentation to be attractive (Patrick De Pelsmacker, 2007). Reasonably imilar views are expressed by Richard Wilson et al (1996) wherein the authors state that measurability and substantiable are key criteria for segmentation to be useful. In addition, the authors also state that the condition of stability should be met in order to forecast future growth in advance with sufficient accuracy (Richard Wilson et al, 1996). The conditions for targeting strategies mentioned in the review above are very broad to reach any logical criteria for attractiveness to appraise market segments. A further review of academic literature is essential to arrive at the attractiveness of segmentation criteria. To arrive at definite criteria for the frozen food industry, we would review literature based on the following sources of information: 1. Academic Literature 2. Industry Literature Academic literature: Academic literature lays emphasis on market attractiveness and company competitiveness as a basis for targeting criteria Oobber,1998; Richard Wilson et al, 1996; Patrick De Pelsmacker et al 2007; Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005; Bonomo and Shapiro, 1984; McDonald and Dunbar, 2004; Doyle, 2000). Various academics put a close review of the criteria. Jobber (1998) emphasis on market factors to assess arket attractiveness. Some of the market factors are Segment Size, Segment growth rates, Price sensitivity, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, barriers for market entry, barriers for exit, threat of new entrants, nature of competition, social trends, political issues competitive differentiation00bber, 1998, pp. 188-189). These factors play a strong role in assessing overall market attractiveness of any segment. An analysis of the above factors would put the research in a strong position to understand the nature of market attractiveness criteria for various segments and the organisation. Further to this, Jobber (1998) also stresses the importance of a firms capability, wherein the author mentions Against the market attractiveness factors must be placed on the firms capability to serve the market segment Cobber, 1998, pp. 189). Firms capability could be assessed using our own analysis of a firms cost advantages, capabilities, other tangible factors. Richard Wilson et. al (1996) review market attractiveness criteria based on factors like the size of the segment, growth potential, profitability to be viewed against the backdrop of a firms individual capabilities. Patrick De Pelsmacker et al (2007) lays strong importance to attractiveness criteria in his work. The author proposes a methodology for selection of attractive target group, the methodology could be summarised in his own words as To evaluate segments companies have to look at four elements: size and growth of segments, structural attractiveness of a segment, objectives and budget of a company, and stability of market segments (Patrick De Pelsmacker et al, 2007, pp. 133). The author lays stress on financial turnover, profit potential and growth prospects of segments as important conditions for appraisal of market attractiveness. Further to it, the academic lays stress on the fact that structural attractiveness could be evaluated using Porters five forces framework. Lancaster and Reynolds (2005) propose a framework to appraise each segment based on factors like sales growth and profit potential, segment size, nature of competition. The decision to target any segment should be matched against in house company resources and company objectives. The framework is similar to the one described by Jobber (1998), Richard Wilson et al (1996) and Patrick De Pelsmacker et al (2007). A slight variation exists in a ramework proposed by Bonomo and Shapiro (1984), the researchers view market attractiveness as a function of segment profits wherein the profit generated by segments forms a key criteria for Judging overall segment attractiveness, but the profits generated on each segment are analysed in depth by the framework which aims to calculate returns on total investments, overall segment margin and contribution by each segment. The profitability analysis is then linked to organisational objectives and capabilities. However, most of the parameters specified by researchers are incorporated into frameworks developed in the 1990s by other cademics. An extension of the earlier frameworks, the market attractiveness criteria developed by Abratt (1993) includes factors like overall market size, growth potential, and nature of competition which are to be mapped against organisational capabilities like resource strengths and strategic intent of the organisation. Further to the segmentation criteria, A framework put forth by Doyle (2000) gives segmentation criteria to assess market attractiveness wherein overall market size, organisational capabilities. The framework proposed by Hooley and Saunders (1993) ivides the factors for market attractiveness criteria into Market factors, Competitive factors, Economical factors and Environmental factors. The market factors and economic factors are similar to those proposed by Jobbers (1998), MacDonald and Dunbar (2004) which are viewed in the next part of the literature review. However, the research puts socio-economic factors as environmental factors, but the factors are similar to other research. A concrete piece of segmentation attractiveness criteria is proposed by McDonald and Dunbar (2004), wherein the academics put forward a definite number of factors o be used to assess market attractiveness. The factors are distributed into segment factors, financial factors, technological factors, socio-political factors and competition factors. The list of factors could be summarised as follows: . Segment factors: Size, growth rate, price sensitivity, cyclicality, season ability, bargaining power of suppliers.. Financial factors: Contribution margin, barriers to entry and exit, economics of scale, capacity utilization.. Technological factors: Complexities, patents, technological usage.. Socio-political factors: Social trends, human behavioural factors, legal frameworks.. Competition Factors: Nature of competition, threat to entry and exits, threat of substitution. Source: McDonald and Dunbar (2004) Analyzing the literature for segmentation criteria, it could be observed that very similar frameworks are proposed by Hooley and Saunders (1993), Jobber (1998) followed by MacDonald and Dunbar (2004). The market segmentation criteria proposed by most of the academics are similar in nature, in essence the academics try to evaluate the market attractiveness of the segments and Judge it against organisational capabilities. The literature review carried out so far suggests that most f the academics tend to converge on similar views and factors for segmentation. The next section tries to review the segmentation process carried out in the food industry. Literature Review on segmentation in the food industry: Market segmentation in the frozen food industry has not been carried out by any researcher so far, however, a few literature points to segmentation in the food industry. Consumer demographics and behaviour formed as a basis for segmentation to help marketing and promoting eggs (Funk and Phillips, 1990). A review of literature on food segmentation carried out by Asp (1992) highlights emographic segmentation approach for segmentation of food products developed by Pillsbury company. However, very limited research into food segmentation has been done so far, specially for the frozen food industry. The limited literature available for the food industry nevertheless points to the fact that geo demographic segmentation is considerably used for segmentation in the food industry.

Quality Health Care in Brazil

Introduction Brazil is one of the biggest countries in South America. It had to adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was started by the United Nations in 1948. The United Nations declaration entitled every human being to living in conditions that enabled them to acquire good health.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Quality Health Care in Brazil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There were three conditions necessary for one to have good health namely: food, shelter, clothing and access to medical care. Brazil has tried to live up to the standards during the United Nations declaration and is termed as the second best in terms of the number of hospitals, after the United States of America, which has the highest number of hospitals globally. These health facilities are considered the best in Latin America. Background The pursuit of equity in health care and universal entitlement to access of se rvices such as health care reform concerns, were addressed at a Brazilian national health conference in 1986. A new constitution addressing this issue was drafted in 1988. Subsequent legislative and administrative actions also addressed the issue of health care in Brazil. However, in the early 1990s, economic policies affected the federal government’s ability to fund the necessary services. In 1994, the Ministry of Health introduced a formal quality improvement. The main purpose was to disseminate a culture of quality improvement among health care providers, payers, and users of health services. The minister of health then established a national commission on quality improvement. This commission played an important role in making quality improvement activities an important activity which is a national accreditation. This move led to improvement in the quality of the health services offered by the government of Brazil. Brazilian government’s view on health matters Accor ding to Harmeling (1999), the Brazilian government viewed childhood mortality as one of the most serious health problems affecting the country. The health of children is a concern for countries in the developing world. Policies have been put in place in order to help improve the health care of children.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some measures have been taken to improve on the health of children in these countries. The measures have been relatively effective when evaluated over the past thirty years but there is still a lot that needs to be done. Motherhood mortality was identified as another health problem that needed to be addressed urgently. It was estimated that the rate of motherhood mortality there was about 73.1 % death per 100,000 born children in 2002. This was a high percentage of women dying in this manner whereas it was possible to prevent such deaths. This is the reason why the government of Brazil was concerned and decided to address the issue without further delay. Mortality by non-transmissible illness was also a problem. The government identified cancer and heart diseases as the major cause of deaths. Cancer affected more people than the heart diseases. Mortality caused by external causes like transportation violence and suicide was a serious problem. The death toll was also high because o such factors especially in the southeast region. Brazil Public Health Care Service Family health program was considered one of the key areas that was targeted for improvement. This program was introduced by municipal health secretariats in collaboration with the state and the Ministry of Public Health. Brazil offers free medical services to all Brazilians. This service can be obtained from the public national heath system. Private providers are assisted by the government to provide quality health care which is not so expensive. The service is also provided from the private sector via private insurance or employers. The patients do not pay for any of the services they get. These expenses are paid by government from general taxation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Quality Health Care in Brazil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brazil has also deployed doctors in the areas of residence. This means that wherever someone is, they can access health services easily. Brazilian national health care provides services for those who cannot afford to pay in private health centers. Brazil can therefore be classified as one of the best places to find quality health care and at a cheaper rate. Hence, in Brazil, health care is free by law. Everyone has a right to treatment, from organ transplant to sex-exchange operations and any other kind of health condition requiring specialized treatment. Brazil Private Health Care System The private sector is way ah ead of the government sectors in terms of the quality of services provided. Alvarez (1998) states that, the private health sector of Brazil have done well so far in the provision of health care to its citizens. However, its success rate stands at only 25% because the remaining 75% should be enacted by other stakeholders, the main being the government. The stakeholders responsible for the remaining 75% have failed on their part. This is because in private systems there are shorter waits and better care. Public health care can be accessed by every citizen who needs it. Health Reforms in Brazil Brazil has made significant improvement in health department, especially in maternal and child health. The emergency care unit has also improved. The burden of infectious disease has reduced drastically. Brazil can celebrate a reduction in mortality from chronic disease. The use of technology in health department has led to positive reforms in that sector. Technology has ensured security and pri vacy of the stored health information. To ensure this, the health professionals were provided with health cards. This card was required to be swiped at the electronic terminal before implementing any change to the system. The registration of the health professional was supposed to be completed at the server level. Unique password was provided for each professional who was registered.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The government seeks to pass a legislation which will help it share some of the responsibilities it shoulders with other stakeholders such as the municipal council. Challenges Facing the Health Sector World Health Organization (2000) states that there are some failures in the health sector which need to be addressed. One of the failures is Dengue fever which is a new public health problem. Over three million incidents of the disease were reported in the last decade, with 12,000 leading to the more serious Dengue hemorrhagic fever. 900 deaths have also been reported. Rates of the most serious reforms of Dengue are six times what they were in the 1990s. No vaccine has been discovered so far. Visceral leshmaniasis control is also poor. The current effort being done now is focusing on control of the vectors and removing domestic animals that can act as reservoirs. The only available treatment is toxic and while accessible and suitable in urban areas with medical support. The toxicity ma kes treatment in remote rural areas inappropriate (WHO, 2000). Another challenge facing the health sector is constitution injunction. Around 60% of all spending health care in Brazil is private. This share is higher than in most other Latin American countries. It is higher than even other places in the United States. Private provision has a cover meant for the minority (young) and those regarded as being rich. This is invoking fear among the Brazilians people. Pollster notes the effect of health care on the economy where improvement has been noted on health care displacing the economy since 2007. The public health system gets poor value for the money it spends on the drugs. Too much money goes on complying with rights granted to patients who use the constitution lofty promises to demand expensive treatment, not automatically covered by the system. Too much of the budget goes to the hospital rather than the family program (Latin America and Caribbean Health Sector Reform Initiative, 2000). Health Supplies in Brazil Brazil is ranked among the largest drug user market. Statistics has it that the consumption of drugs in Brazil is nearly 3.5% of the world market. Several methods have been used to promote the use of generic products so that people can get the drugs they need easily. This is because the generic products are cheaper than other products. Human resources in Brazil In 1999, the Brazilian government had increased the number of physicians, nurses, dentists, dieticians and veterinarians rapidly. It was estimated that 14 physicians served ten thousand people. People doing technical also occupy a portion of the health sector. Benefits of Universal Health Care in Brazil The poor Brazilians who cannot afford the medical are the ones who benefit most from the universal health care in Brazil. The physicians also benefit from the universal health, in that they are given incentives. They are also paid three times more to work in the poorest parts of Brazil. Drawbac ks of Universal Health Care in Brazil Most hospitals in Brazil are considered substandard as it is assumed that there are limited facilities due to the large number of patients visiting them. This mostly affects the public system hospitals. There are also long waits for procedures because of the many patients visiting the hospital. This leads to the building up of long queues in public health care centers. The ratio of doctors’ to patient in urban areas per 1000 is 3.28. This shows that in urban areas, medical attention is limited. Medics who work in remote areas are paid more money than their counterparts in the urban areas. This could be a reason why many prefer to work in the rural areas. Consequences of the Universal Health Care in Brazil Universal health care in Brazil has led to a decrease in infant mortality as every child has access to medical attention whenever the need for such services arises. Life expectancy has gone up due to the introduction of universal health care as everyone has a right to treatment. According to National School of Public Health (1998), there was an improvement in life expectancy rate among Brazilians. Conclusion Brazil’s health care is provided by both private and government institutions. Medical care is available to anyone who is a citizen of Brazil or is in Brazil legally. This includes foreigners who have the permit to be in Brazil. The laws of the land grant every citizen a right to health care in Brazil. In summary, Brazil can be termed as a country that has tried in ensuring that there is provision of quality health care for its citizens. Reference List Alvarez, I. (1998). 21st Century Challenges Facing the Brazilian Health Sector. San Diego: University of California. Harmeling, S. (1999). Health Reform in Brazil: Reproductive  Health and Health Sector Reform. Washington, DC: World Bank Institute. Latin America and Caribbean Health Sector Reform Initiative. (2000). Baseline for Monitoring and Evaluation of Health Sector. Reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean, 10. National School of Public Health. (1998). Health Care Around the World: Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. World Health Organization. (2000). How is the public interest protected? Governments as stewards of health resources. The World Health Report, 14. This research paper on Quality Health Care in Brazil was written and submitted by user Santiago Stein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.